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Health and
medical care |
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China
has 1.51 doctors and 2.45 hospital beds for every
1,000 people. In Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing
and other large cities, general traditional Chinese
medicine and hospitals specializing in, for example,
cancer, cardio-and cerebro-vascular disorder, ophthalmology,
dentistry and infectious diseases can be found.
Medium-sized cities throughout China have general
and specialized hospitals with modern facilities.
Medical treatment, disease prevention, and health-care
networks have taken shape at county, township and
village levels. With the establishment and development
of health and medical-care organizations and the
gradual spread of good hygiene habits, infectious
and parasitic diseases, formerly the major killers,
have been replaced by cancer, cardio- and cerebro-vascular
diseases and creating a mortality pattern close
to that of the developed countries. The health of
urban and rural residents has been greatly improved;
the average life expectancy is now 71.95 years,
five more than the world average.
"Prevention first" is one of the important
principles in all China's health care work. All
administrations have created hygiene and disease-prevention
organizations responsible for overall management
of these functions including hygiene and epidemic-prevention
stations, forming a nationwide network of hygiene
supervision and control. In order to eliminate or
control some serious epidemic and local diseases
endangering people's heath, the National People's
Congress and State Council issued the Law on the
Prevention and Cure of Infectious Diseases, the
National Plan for Poliomyelitis Elimination by the
Year 1995, and National Outline for IDD Elimination
by the Year 2000 and other documents. Disease prevention
work has been further strengthened and made outstanding
achievements.
In May 2003, the State Council issued Regulations
on Public Health Emergencies, establishing a legal
framework for tackling public health crises. Furthering
its cooperation with the World Health Organization,
the state is planning significant investment in
a system to handle all public health crises, improving
the responsiveness and capabilities of emergency
centers, treatment and hospital information systems.
Reform in medical care and changes in the make-up
of society have prompted the spread to most cities
of community-based health services whose major role
is anti-epidemic work but which also provide treatment
and healthcare. These popular organizations are
geared to handle at grassroots level problems arising
from increased urbanization, an aging population,
changes in disease patterns and social strata.
In 2003, China embarked on a new rural cooperative
medical care system. Based on major illness health
insurance coverage, the system is based on a payment
plan by the individual, financial support from the
collective, and subsidies from the government. If
farmer who has joined the scheme is hospitalized,
incurred costs can be reimbursed according on a
sliding scale. This medical care system is expected
to cover the whole country in 2010. Meanwhile, China
has implemented a medical-aid system for rural areas
offering medical aid to poor farmers who are seriously
ill. A standardized rural medical-aid system had
been established throughout the country by the end
of 2005. The fund, with special allocations from
various levels of government with donations from
people from all walks of life, will be used exclusively
for medical aid. |
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